BOYS SHOULD NOT CRY: STEREOTYPICAL ROLE EXPECTATIONS IN PROHIBITIONS FUNCTIONING AS SOCIAL REGULATORS

BOYS SHOULD NOT CRY: STEREOTYPICAL ROLE EXPECTATIONS IN PROHIBITIONS FUNCTIONING AS SOCIAL REGULATORS

Author:  E.V. Troshchenkova

Affiliation:  Saint Petersburg State University

Abstract: 
The article deals with instances of using the Russian prohibitive construction «мальчикам нельзя…» /boys should not…/ from the point of view of a broad discursive context including both the speaker’s utterance and verbal reactions of other interlocutors.
Traditionally prohibitives with “нельзя” are viewed as a way of expressing deontic modality. However, when analysed as part of real discourse interactions, prohibitives with social role indications tend to demonstrate more complex modal meanings: deontic meaning of “нельзя” is enriched with axiological meaning of “bad”, the prohibition being based on the fact that some actions are negatively evaluated by a linguocultural community.
The study’s objective is to show how prohibitives of this type are related to social stereotypes (viewed as a significant part of shared sociocultural knowledge). The author touches upon three main issues: a) directionality of the prohibition, b) thematic groups classification and c) the speaker’s awareness of stereotype and the degree of critical thinking. The article shows that prohibition can be related both to the person expressed as Objdat in the construction and to other people implied; it is of special interest that constructions with this role sometimes demonstrate miscorrelation between how formally the action expressed with the infinitive is related to Objdat or the implied Others and whose actions are actually prohibited from the cognitive point of view.
It is also shown that, depending on the degree of awareness and criticism, the construction can take part in transmitting the existing stereotypical expectations about a social role or in modifying them, anyway it works as a social regulator.

Keywords:  prohibitive construction, social role, stereotypical role expectations, social regulator, sociocultural knowledge.

References:  Аndreeva I.S. Povelitel'noe naklonenie
i kontekst pri vyrazhenii pobuzhdeniya v sovremennom russkom yazyke: avtoref. dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. L., 1971.
Bartmin'skij E. YAzykovoj obraz mira: ocherki po ehtnolingvistike: per. s pol'skogo. M.: Indrik, 2005.
Biryulin L.А. Teoreticheskie aspekty semantiko-pragmaticheskogo opisaniya imperativnykh vyskazyvanij v russkom yazyke: dis. … d-ra filol. nauk. Leningrad, 1992.
Biryulin L.А., KHrakovskij V.S. Povelitel'nye predlozheniya: problemy teorii // Tipologiya imperativnykh konstruktsij / pod red. V.S. KHrakovskogo. SPb.: Nauka, 1992. S. 5-50.
Boldyrev N.N. Kognitivnaya semantika. Vvedenie v kognitivnuyu lingvistiku. Tambov, 2014.
Bulygina T.V., SHmelev А.D. YAzykovaya kontseptualizatsiya mira (na materiale russkoj grammatiki). M.: YAzyki russkoj kul'tury, 1997.
Vezhbitska А. Rechevye akty // Novoe v zarubezhnoj lingvistike. M.: Progress, 1985. Vyp. 16. S. 251-275.
Vilinbakhova E.L. Stereotipy imen sobstvennykh v russkom yazyke // Vestnik SPbGU. 2010. Ser. 9. Vyp. 3.
Vilinbakhova E.L. Modeli reprezentatsii stereotipov v russkom yazyke: dis. … kand. filol. nauk. SPb., 2011a.
Vilinbakhova E.L. O konstruktsii vida muzh takoj muzh v russkom yazyke (na materiale Internet-istochnikov) // Stat'ya v otkrytom arkhive.
№ 24. Data deponirovaniya: 26.03.2011b. URL: http://iling.spb.ru/confs/rusconstr2011/pdf/Vilinbaxova.pdf (data obrashheniya 1.03.2018).
Gerasimova I.А. Deonticheskaya logika
i kognitivnye ustanovki // Logicheskij analiz yazyka. YAzyki ehtiki. M.: YAzyki russkoj kul'tury, 2000. S. 7-16.
Gekhtlyar S.YA. Semantika prokhibitiva v imperativnykh vyskazyvaniyakh s infinitivom // Imperativ v raznostrukturnykh yazykakh: Tezisy dokladov konferentsii «Funktsional'no-tipolo-gicheskoe napravlenie v grammatike. Povelitel'nost'». L.: АN SSSR, 1988. S. 48-49.
Glovinskaya M.YA. Semantika glagolov rechi
s tochki zreniya teorii rechevykh aktov // Russkij yazyk v ego funktsionirovanii: Kommunikativno-pragmaticheskij aspekt. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 158-215.
Gofman I. Predstavlenie sebya drugim
v povsednevnoj zhizni. M.: Kanon-press-ts, 2000.
Gusev V.YU. Tipologiya spetsializirovannykh glagol'nykh form imperativa: dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. M.: MGU, 2005.
Dridze T.M. YAzyk i sotsial'naya psikhologiya. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1980.
D'yakonova I.V. Mezhdistsiplinarnyj podkhod k rassmotreniyu ponyatiya «stereotip» // Problemy sotsio- i psikholingvistiki. Perm', 2002. Vyp. 1. S. 29-33.
Izotov А.I. Funktsional'no-semantiche-
skaya kategoriya imperativnosti v sovremennom chesh-
skom yazyke kak pragmalingvisticheskij fenomen:
dis. … d-ra filol. nauk. M., 2007. URL: http://www.philol.msu.ru/~slavphil/staff/izotov/izotov_dissertation.pdf (data obrashheniya 4.03.18).
Izotov А.I. Funktsional'no-semanticheskaya kategoriya imperativnosti v sovremennom cheshskom yazyke v sopostavlenii s russkim. URL: http://www.philol.msu.ru/~slavphil/books/imper.pdf (data obrashheniya 4.03.18).
Iriskhanova O.K. Sotsial'noe iskazhenie pri konstruirovanii sobytij i ob"ektov prirody: galantnye vorony i samootverzhennye molyuski // Voprosy kognitivnoj lingvistiki. 2016. № 1. S. 5-12.
Kon I.S. Natsional'nyj kharakter – mif ili real'nost'? // Inostrannaya literatura. 1968. № 9. S. 215-229.
Kon I.S. K probleme natsional'nogo kharaktera // Istoriya i psikhologiya / pod red. B.F. Porshneva, L.I. Аntsyferovoj. M., 1971. S. 122-158.
Kondratenko G.M. Ob osobennostyakh stereotipizatsii // Vestnik MGU. 1966. № 1. S. 57-67.
Kostomarov V.G. EHstetstvuyushhee frazerstvo i problema standarta // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 11: ZHurnalistika. 1968. № 4. S. 70-76.
Kokhtev N.N. Klishe i gazetnaya rech' // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 11: ZHurnalistika. 1968. № 3. S. 38-44.
Krysin L.P. EHtnostereotipy v sovremennom yazykovom soznanii: k postanovke problemy // Filosofskie i lingvokul'turologicheskie problemy tolerantnosti. Ekaterinburg, 2003. S. 450-455.
Ollport G.V. Lichnost' v psikhologii. M.: KSP+; SPb.: YUventa, 1998.
Paducheva E.V. Russkoe otritsatel'noe predlozhenie M.: YASK, 2013.
Petrova M.А. Tipy nemodal'nykh znachenij modal'nykh predikatov (na materiale slavyanskikh i germanskikh yazykov): dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. M., 2007.
Sleptsova S.V. Rechevye standarty v yazyke gazety (na materiale frantsuzskoj publitsistiki) // Edinstvo sistemnogo i funktsional'nogo analiza yazykovykh edinits: materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii. Belgorod, 11-13 apr. 2006 g. / otv. red. O.N. Prokhorova. Belgorod, 2006. Vyp. 9.
CH. 2.S. 323-326.
Solganik G.YA. O shtampakh i gazetnom yazyke // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 11: ZHurnalistika. 1968. № 2. S. 42-48.
Solganik G.YA. YAzyk gazety i shtampy // Voprosy istorii, teorii i praktiki mestnoj pechati: tezisy dokladov nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii. Voronezh, 1969. S. 64.
Troshhenkova E.V. Stereotipnye ozhidaniya otnositel'no roli immigranta v amerikanskoj
i russkoj lingvokul'turakh: opyt psikholingvisticheskogo modelirovaniya // Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Rossijskaya i zarubezhnaya filologiya. 2015a. Vyp. 4 (32). S. 39-50.
Troshhenkova E.V. Metareprezentatsiya v obshhestvenno-politicheskoj diskussii: spin i preventivnoe opravdanie. // Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka. 2015b. Vyp. XXIII. S. 407-416.
Troshhenkova E.V. Sotsiokul'turnoe znanie
v kognitivno-kommunikativnoj deyatel'nosti: strategii vozdejstviya v amerikanskom obshhestvenno-politicheskom diskurse: dis. … d-ra filol. nauk. SPb., 2016.
KHrakovskij V.S., Volodin А.P. Semantika
i tipologiya imperativa: Russkij imperativ. L.: Nauka, 1986.
TSimmerling А.V. EHticheskie kontsepty i semanticheskie polya // Logicheskij analiz yazyka. YAzyki ehtiki. M.: YAzyki russkoj kul'tury, 2000. S. 190-199.
SHatunovskij I.B. Rechevye akty razresheniya i zapreshheniya v russkom yazyke // Logicheskij analiz yazyka. YAzyki ehtiki. M.: YAzyki russkoj kul'tury, 2000. S. 319-324.
SHibutani T. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya. M.: Progress, 1969.
SHikhirev P.N. Issledovanie stereotipa
v amerikanskoj sotsial'noj psikhologii // Voprosy filosofii. 1971. № 5. S. 168-175.
YAdov V.А. K voprosu o teorii «stereotipizatsii» v sotsiologii // Filosofskie nauki. 1960. № 2. S. 47-58.
YAdov V.А. Ideologiya kak forma dukhovnoj deyatel'nosti. L.: Izd-vo Leningradskogo un-ta, 1961.
YAdov V.А. O dispozitsionnoj regulyatsii sotsial'nogo povedeniya lichnosti // Metodologicheskie problemy sotsial'noj psikhologii / pod red. E.V. SHorokhovoj. M., 1975. S. 89-105.
Aikhenvald A.Y. Imperatives and Commands. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Allan K. Linguistic Meaning. Vol. 2. London: Roultedge and Kegan Paul, 1986.
Allport G.W. The nature of prejudice. N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1958.
Auwera J. van der, Lejeune L. (with Valentin Goussev). The Prohibitive // Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2013. URL: http://wals.info/chapter/71 (data obrashheniya 4.03.18).
Auwera J. van der, Lejeune L. and Goussev V. The Prohibitive, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. 2013. URL: http://wals.info/chapter/71 (data obrashheniya 3.03.18).
Auwera J. van der, Plungian V. A. Modality’s semantic map // Linguistic typology. Plank F. (ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. P. 79-124.
Blinova O., Troshchenkova E. Gender Roles in Russian Prohibitive Constructions: A Corpus Study// Modeling and Using Context. 10th International and Interdisciplinary Conference, CONTEXT 2017, Paris, France, June 20-23, 2017, Proceedings. Brézillon, P., Turner, R., Penco, C. (eds.) 2017, XXI. P. 647-660.
Dor D. The role of the lie in the evolution of human language // Language Sciences, 63, 44-59.
Lippmann W. Public Opinion. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1961. [First published in 1922]
Searle J.R. Indirect speech acts // Syntax and Semantics Volume 3: Speech Acts. Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan (eds.). Academic Press, 1975. P. 59-82. URL: http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/vakken/uem/searle_indirect.pdf (data obrashheniya 3.03.18).
Tajfel H. Social Stereotypes and Social groups // Intergroup behavior /Turner J.C., Giles H. (eds.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981. P. 144-167.
The Shared Mind: Perspectives on Intersubjectivity. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s Publishing Co, 2008.

For citation:  Troshchenkova, E. V. (2018). Boys should not cry: stereotypical role expectations in prohibitions functioning as social regulators. Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, 3, 50-61. (In Russ.).

Pages:  50-61